Health Psychology Research / HPR / Volume 14 / Issue 1 / DOI: 10.14440/hpr.0235
Submit to HPR
Cite this article
2
Download
8
Citations
33
Views
Journal Browser
Volume | Year
Issue
Search
Forthcoming Issue
Current Issue
View All
News and Announcements
View All
REVIEW

Psychological Concerns in Prostate Cancer Patients Under Active Surveillance

Gangying Li1* ,  Jiang Zhao2 ,  Caili Peng1 ,  Zhengyi Wang1 ,  Benyi Li3 ,  Xiangwei Wang2*
Show Less
1 Center for Psychosomatic Research, Yangtze University College of Arts & Sciences, Jingzhou 434020, Hubei, China
2 Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, Guangdong, China
3 Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, United States of America
HPR 2026 , 14(1), e81240062; https://doi.org/10.14440/hpr.0235
Submitted: 2 August 2025 | Revised: 22 December 2025 | Accepted: 13 January 2026 | Published: 31 March 2026
© 2026 by the Author(s). Licensee Health Psychology Research, USA. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution -Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )
Download PDF
Cite
XML
Abstract

Background

Active surveillance (AS) is widely used to manage low-risk prostate cancer and reduce overtreatment; however, it introduces significant psychological challenges linked to living with untreated cancer. This review synthesizes evidence on the psychological burden faced by AS patients, including anxiety, depression, fear of cancer progression, decision making distress, and threats to masculinity and sexual identity. Patients often grapple with uncertainty about disease trajectory, perceiving AS as passive inaction, which exacerbates emotional strain. Contributing factors include inadequate social support, gaps in clinician communication, and socioeconomic disparities that affect access to care. Interventions such as psychoeducation, cognitive-behavioral therapy to reframe catastrophic thinking, mindfulness-based stress reduction, and peer support groups demonstrate efficacy in reducing distress and enhancing quality of life.

Objective

This review underscores the necessity of integrating mental health support into AS protocols through routine psychological screening and multidisciplinary care.

Conclusion

Future research should prioritize longitudinal studies on psychological trajectories and culturally tailored interventions to address diverse patient needs. By addressing these psychological dimensions, clinicians can optimize patient-centered care, improve adherence to surveillance, and ensure AS remains a sustainable, holistic strategy for managing prostate cancer.

Keywords
Prostate cancer
Active surveillance
Psychological concerns
Anxiety
Depression
Quality of life
Coping strategies
Mental health support
Funding
This work was partially supported by the Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (General Project #2024A1515010342 to Dr. Xiangwei Wang) and the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy & Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (Open Fund #2022B1212030003-KF202305 to Dr. Jiang Zhao).
References
  1. Zhang Y, Wang P, Jia Z, Zheng Z, Wang J, Liang H. Global burden and risk factors of male cancers from 1990 to 2021, with forecasts to 2040. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):5123. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-88392-8

 

  1. Moradpour Z, Barik A, Jorjani G, et al. Prostate cancer incidence and mortality linked to metal- working fluid exposure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Oncol. 2024;14:1491159. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1491159

 

  1. Cooperberg MR, Meeks W, Fang R, Gaylis FD, Catalona WJ, Makarov DV. Time Trends and Variation in the Use of Active Surveillance for Management of Low-risk Prostate Cancer in the US. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(3):e231439. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.1439

 

  1. Eastham JA, Auffenberg GB, Barocas DA, et al. Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: AUA/ASTRO Guideline, Part II: Principles of Active Surveillance, Principles of Surgery, and Follow-Up. J Urol. 2022;208(1):19-25. doi: 10.1097/JU.0000000000002758

 

  1. Bellardita L, Valdagni R, van den Bergh R, et al. How does active surveillance for prostate cancer affect quality of life? A systematic review. Eur Urol. 2015;67(4):637-645. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.10.028

 

  1. Parahoo K, McDonough S, McCaughan E, et al. Psychosocial interventions for men with prostate cancer: a Cochrane systematic review. BJU Int. 2015;116(2):174-183.  doi: 10.1111/bju.12989

 

  1. van den Bergh RC, Essink-Bot ML, Roobol MJ, et al. Anxiety and distress during active surveillance for early prostate cancer. Cancer. 2009;115(17):3868-3878. doi: 10.1002/cncr.24446

 

  1. James C, Brunckhorst O, Eymech O, Stewart R, Dasgupta P, Ahmed K. Fear of cancer recurrence and PSA anxiety in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review. Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(7):5577-5589. doi: 10.1007/s00520-022-06876-z

 

  1. Steinkohl F, Luger AK, Gruber L, et al. Patients’ anxieties and fears: a comparison between transrectal prostate biopsy and prostate MRI. Transl Androl Urol. 2024;13(10):2201- 2208. doi: 10.21037/tau-24-239

 

  1. Bui KT, Blinman P, Kiely BE, Brown C, Dhillon HM. Experiences with scans and scanxiety in people with advanced cancer: a qualitative study. Support Care Cancer. 2021;29(12):7441- 7449. doi: 10.1007/s00520-021-06319-1

 

  1. Feiler Scanxiety. Fear of a postcancer ritual. Time. 2011;177(24):56.

 

  1. Donovan JL, Hamdy FC, Lane JA, et al. Patient- Reported Outcomes after Monitoring, Surgery, or Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(15):1425-1437. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1606221

 

  1. Reinken DN, Reed SM. Mishel’s uncertainty in illness theory: Informing nursing diagnoses and care planning. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2023;34(4):316- 324. doi: 10.1111/2047-3095.12406

 

  1. Hughes S, Everitt H, Stuart B, Band R. The experiences of men on active surveillance for prostate cancer and their significant others: A qualitative synthesis. Psycho-oncology. 2024;33(4):e6324. doi: 10.1002/pon.6324

 

  1. Nilsson R, Naess-Andresen  TF, Myklebust TA, Bernklev T, Kersten H, Haug ES. Fear of Recurrence in Prostate Cancer Patients: A  Cross-sectional  Study  After Radical Prostatectomy or Active Surveillance. Eur Urol Open Sci. 2021;25:44-51. doi: 10.1016/j.euros.2021.01.002

 

  1. Venderbos LD, van den Bergh RC, Roobol MJ, et al. A longitudinal study on the impact of active surveillance for prostate cancer on anxiety and distress levels. Psycho-oncology. 2015;24(3):348- 354. doi: 10.1002/pon.3657

 

  1. Taylor Z, Meyer K, Terrenzio D, et al. Mind matters: how anxiety and depression shape low-risk prostate cancer active surveillance adherence in a real-world population. Can J Urol.  2025;32(1):21-27.  doi: 10.32604/cju.2025.064705

 

  1. Kang DW, Fairey AS, Boule NG, Field CJ, Wharton SA, Courneya KS. A Randomized Trial of the Effects of Exercise on Anxiety, Fear of Cancer Progression and Quality of Life in Prostate Cancer Patients on Active Surveillance. J Urol. 2022;207(4):814-822. doi: 10.1097/JU.0000000000002334

 

  1. Cunningham M, Murphy M, Sweeney P, Richards HL. Patient reported factors influencing the decision-making process of men with localised prostate cancer when considering Active Surveillance-A systematic review and thematic synthesis. Psycho-oncology. 2022;31(3):388-404. doi: 10.1002/pon.5832

 

  1. Meissner VH, Olze L, Schiele S, et al. Fear of cancer recurrence and disease progression in long-term prostate cancer survivors after radical prostatectomy: A longitudinal study. Cancer. 2021;127(22):4287-4295. doi: 10.1002/cncr.33836

 

  1. Bayliss D, Duff J, Stricker P, Walker K. Decision- Making in Prostate Cancer: Active Surveillance Over Other Treatment Options. Urol Nurs. 2016;36(3):141-149.

 

  1. Davison BJ,  Breckon    Factors  influencing treatment decision making and information  preferences  of  prostate cancer patients on active surveillance. Patient Educ Couns.  2012;87(3):369-374.  doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2011.11.009

 

  1. Montori VM, Ruissen MM, Hargraves IG, Brito JP, Kunneman M. Shared decision-making as a method of care. BMJ Evid Based Med.  2023;28(4):213-217.  doi:  1136/bmjebm-2022-112068

 

  1. Raychaudhuri R,  Lin  DW,  Montgomery RB.  Prostate  Cancer:  A  JAMA. 2025;333(16):1433-1446.   doi: 10.1001/jama.2025.0228

 

  1. Pekala KR, Shill DK, Austria M, Langford AT, Loeb S, Carlsson SV. Shared decision-making before prostate cancer screening decisions. Nat Rev Urol. 2024;21(6):329-338. doi: 10.1038/s41585-023-00840-0

 

  1. Loeb S, Folkvaljon Y, Makarov DV, Bratt O, Bill- Axelson A, Stattin P. Five-year nationwide follow-up study of active surveillance for prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2015;67(2):233-238. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.06.010

 

  1. Willemse PM, Davis NF, Grivas N, et al. Systematic Review  of  Active  Surveillance for  Clinically  Localised  Prostate  Cancer to  Develop  Recommendations  Regarding Inclusion of Intermediate-risk Disease, Biopsy Characteristics at Inclusion and Monitoring, and Surveillance Repeat Biopsy Strategy. Eur Urol.  2022;81(4):337-346.  doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2021.12.007

 

  1. Muermann MM,  Wassersug    Prostate Cancer From a Sex and Gender Perspective: A Review. Sex Med Rev. 2022;10(1):142-154. doi: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2021.03.001

 

  1. Oliffe JL, Bottorff JL. The Gendered Dimensions of Photovoice in Men’s Health Promotion Research. Health Promot Pract. 2022;23(2):317- 324. doi: 10.1177/15248399211055432

 

  1. Tiruye T, O’Callaghan M, Ettridge K, et al. Factors impacting on sexual function among men on active surveillance for prostate can- cer. Prostate. 2023;83(7):678-687. doi: 10.1002/pros.24502

 

  1. Dordoni P, Remmers S, Valdagni R, et al. Cross- cultural differences in men on active surveillance’ anxiety: a longitudinal comparison between Italian and Dutch patients from the Prostate cancer Research International Active Surveillance study. BMC Urol. 2022;22(1):110. doi: 10.1186/s12894-022-01062-z

 

  1. Brunckhorst O, Liszka J, James C, et al. Mental wellbeing and quality of life in prostate cancer (MIND-P): Protocol for a multi-institutional prospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2023;18(4):e0284727. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284727

 

  1. Iremashvili V, Soloway MS, Rosenberg DL, Manoharan M. Clinical and demographic char- acteristics associated with prostate cancer progression in patients on active surveillance. J Urol. 2012;187(5):1594-1599. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.12.082

 

  1. Tohi Y, Kato T, Matsuda I, et al. Active surveillance in younger patients with prostate cancer: clinical characteristics including longitudinal patient-reported outcomes. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2023;53(4):335-342. doi: 10.1093/jjco/hyac201

 

  1. Mahran A, Turk A, Buzzy C, et al. Younger Men With Prostate Cancer Have Lower Risk of Upgrading While on Active Surveillance: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review of the Literature. Urology. 2018;121:11-18. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2018.06.048

 

  1. Orom H,  Underwood  W  3rd,  Biddle C. Emotional Distress Increases the Likelihood of Undergoing Surgery among Men with Localized Prostate Cancer. J Urol. 2017;197(2):350-355. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.08.007

 

  1. Gallagher BDT, Coughlin EC, Nair-Shalliker V, McCaffery K, Smith DP. Socioeconomic differences in prostate cancer treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol. 2022;79:102164. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2022.102164

 

  1. Wieckiewicz G,  Weber  S,  Florczyk I, Gorczyca P. Socioeconomic Burden of Psychiatric Cancer Patients: A Narrative Review. Cancers. 2024;16(6):1108. doi: 10.3390/cancers16061108

 

  1. Deka R, Courtney PT, Parsons JK, et al. Association Between  African American Race and Clinical Outcomes in Men Treated for Low-Risk Prostate Cancer With Active Surveillance. JAMA. 2020;324(17):1747-1754. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.17020

 

  1. Nierengarten MB. Health literacy may deter- mine treatment choice for favorable-risk prostate cancer: Results from a new trial show that men with low health literacy are less likely to choose active surveillance for prostate cancer after genomic testing. Cancer. 2021;127(16):2825-2826. doi: 10.1002/cncr.33784

 

  1. Butler SS, Loeb S, Cole AP, et al. United States trends in active surveillance or watchful waiting across patient socioeconomic status from 2010 to 2015. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2020;23(1):179-183.  doi: 10.1038/s41391-019-0175-9

 

  1. Remes O, Mendes JF, Templeton P. Biological, Psychological, and  Social  Determinants of  Depression:  A  Review  of  Recent Literature. Brain Sci. 2021;11(12):1633. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11121633

 

  1. Friberg AS,  Rask  Moustsen  I, Benzon Larsen S, et al. Educational level and the risk  of  depression  after  prostate cancer. Acta Oncol. 2019;58(5):722-729. doi: 10.1080/0284186X.2019.1566773

 

  1. Dordoni P, Badenchini F, Alvisi MF, et al. How do prostate cancer patients navigate the active surveillance journey? A 3-year longitudinal study. Support Care Cancer. 2021;29(2):645- 651. doi: 10.1007/s00520-020-05524-8

 

  1. Roesch SC, Adams L, Hines A, et al. Coping with prostate cancer: a meta-analytic review. J Behav Med. 2005;28(3):281-293. doi: 10.1007/s10865-005-4664-z

 

  1. Guan T, Santacroce SJ, Chen DG, Song L. Illness uncertainty, coping, and quality of life among patients with prostate cancer. Psychooncology. 2020;29(6):1019-1025. doi: 10.1002/pon.5372

 

  1. Wade J, Donovan J, Lane A, et al. Strategies adopted by men to deal with uncertainty and anxiety when following an active surveillance/ monitoring protocol for localised prostate cancer and implications for care: a longitudinal qualitative study embedded within the ProtecT trial. BMJ Open. 2020;10(9):e036024. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036024

 

  1. Andreotti C, Root JC, Ahles TA, McEwen BS, Compas BE. Cancer, coping, and cognition: a model for the role of stress reactivity in cancer-related cognitive decline. Psychooncology. 2015;24(6):617-623. doi: 10.1002/pon.3683

 

  1. Spendelow JS, Eli Joubert H, Lee H, Fairhurst BR. Coping and adjustment in men with prostate cancer: a systematic review of qualitative studies. J Cancer Surviv. 2018;12(2):155-168. doi: 10.1007/s11764-017-0654-8

 

  1. Yu C, Jingzhen Z, Luqiang Z, Xiaojuan Y, Ji Z. Coping strategies mediate the relation- ship between fear of cancer recurrence and quality of  life  in  postoperative patients with  prostate  cancer:  a  multicentre sur- vey. BMC Urol. 2024;24(1):49. doi: 10.1186/s12894-024-01428-5

 

  1. Voerman B, Visser A, Fischer M, Garssen B, van Andel G, Bensing J. Determinants of participation in social support groups for prostate cancer patients. Psycho-oncology. 2007;16(12):1092- 1099. doi: 10.1002/pon.1160

 

  1. Wang L, Luo J, Li Y, Zhou Y, Wang W. Social sup- port, anxiety, and depression in patients with prostate cancer: complete mediation of self-efficacy. Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(8):6851- 6856. doi: 10.1007/s00520-022-07065-8

 

  1. Scandurra C, Muzii B, La Rocca R, et al. Social Support Mediates the Relationship between Body Image Distress and Depressive Symptoms in Prostate Cancer Patients. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(8):4825. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19084825

 

  1. Donachie K, Cornel E, Pelgrim T, et al. What interventions affect the psychosocial bur- den experienced by prostate cancer patients undergoing active surveillance? A scoping review. Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(6):4699- 4709. doi: 10.1007/s00520-022-06830-z

 

  1. Donachie K, Adriaansen M, Nieuwboer M, Cornel E, Bakker E, Lechner L. Selecting interventions for a psychosocial support program for prostate cancer patients undergoing active surveillance: A modified Delphi study. Psycho-oncology. 2022;31(12):2132-2140. doi: 10.1002/pon.6053

 

  1. Richard J, Rebinsky R, Suresh R, et al. Scoping review to evaluate the effects of peer support on the mental health of young adults. BMJ Open. 2022;12(8):e061336. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061336

 

  1. Baba N, Schrage T, Hartmann A, et al. Mental distress and need for psychosocial support in prostate cancer patients: An observational cross-sectional study. Int J Psychiatry  Med.  2021;56(1):51-63. doi: 10.1177/0091217420938896

 

  1. Ihrig A, Renner T, Muck T, et al. Online support groups offer low-threshold backing for family and friends of patients with prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer Care. 2019;28(2):e12982. doi: 10.1111/ecc.12982

 

  1. Huber J, Muck T, Maatz P, et al. Face-to-face vs. online peer support groups for prostate cancer: A cross-sectional comparison study. J Cancer Surviv. 2018;12(1):1-9. doi: 10.1007/s11764-017-0633-0

 

  1. Bender JL, Babinski S, Wong G, et al. Establishing best practices in cancer online support groups: protocol for a realist review. BMJ Open. 2021;11(11):e053916. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053916

 

  1. Livingston PM, Winter N, Russell L, et al. Efficacy of an online mindfulness program (MindOnLine) to reduce fear of recurrence in people living with-and beyond-breast, prostate or colorectal cancer: a randomized controlled trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2025;86:103373. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103373

 

  1. Hayes BD, Young HG, Atrchian S, et al. Optimizing the integration of family physicians into cancer survivorship care in the BC Interior: a mixed methods study of physicians’ opinions and experiences. J Cancer Surviv. 4, 2025. doi: 10.1007/s11764-025-01751-2

 

  1. Pickles T, Ruether JD, Weir L, Carlson L, Jakulj F, Team SC. Psychosocial barriers to active surveillance for the management of early prostate cancer and a strategy for increased acceptance. BJU Int. 2007;100(3):544-551. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06981.x

 

  1. Thera R, Carr DT, Groot DG, Baba N, Jana DK. Understanding  Medical Decision- making  in  Prostate  Cancer    Am J Mens  Health.  2018;12(5):1635-1647. doi: 10.1177/1557988318780851

 

  1. Tiruye T, Beckmann K. Communicating prostate cancer outcomes data to consumers A brief communication. Urol Oncol. 2024;42(10):331. e7-331.e11. doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2024.05.022

 

  1. Spratt DE, Shore N, Sartor O, Rathkopf D, Olivier K. Treating the patient and not just the cancer: therapeutic burden in prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2021;24(3):647-661. doi: 10.1038/s41391-021-00328-1

 

  1. Xu E, Liu MA. Psychological interventions for patients living with prostate cancer. Support Care Cancer. 2023;31(12):701. doi: 10.1007/s00520-023-08178-4

 

  1. Papadopoulos E, Alibhai SMH, Dore I, et al. Associations between self-reported physical activity, quality of life, and emotional well-be- ing in men with prostate cancer on active surveillance. Psychooncology. 2020;29(6):1044- 1050. doi: 10.1002/pon.5375

 

  1. Merriel SWD, Hetherington L, Seggie A, et al. Best practice in active surveillance for men with prostate cancer: a Prostate Cancer UK consensus statement. BJU Int. 2019;124(1):47- 54. doi: 10.1111/bju.14707

 

  1. Mallapareddi A, Ruterbusch J, Reamer E, Eggly S, Xu J. Active surveillance for low-risk localized prostate cancer: what do men and their partners think? Fam Pract. 2017;34(1):90-97. doi: 10.1093/fampra/cmw123

 

  1. Radhakrishnan A, Subramanian L, Rankin AJ, et al. Primary Care Physician and Urologist Perspectives on Optimizing Active Surveillance for Low-Risk Prostate Cancer. Ann Fam Med. 2024;22(1):5-11. doi: 10.1370/afm.3057

 

  1. Subramanian L, Hawley ST, Skolarus TA, et al. Patient perspectives on factors influencing active surveillance adherence for low-risk prostate cancer: A qualitative study. Cancer Med. 2024;13(1):e6847. doi: 10.1002/cam4.6847

 

  1. Poort H, Peters M, van der Graaf WTA, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy or graded exercise therapy compared with usual care for severe fatigue in patients with advanced cancer during treatment: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Oncol. 2020;31(1):115-122. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2019.09.002

 

  1. Pieramico S, Castro R, Aguiar S, et al. A systematic review on the efficacy of CBT interventions for the mental and sexual health of survivors of prostate cancer. Sex Med Rev. 2024;12(1):48-58. doi: 10.1093/sxmrev/qead024

 

  1. Livingston PM, Russell L, Orellana L, et al. Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of an online mindfulness program (MindOnLine) to reduce fear of recurrence among people with cancer: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ  Open.  2022;12(1):e057212.  doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057212

 

  1. Chambers SK, Foley E, Clutton S, et al. The role of mindfulness in distress and quality of life for men with advanced prostate cancer. Qual Life Res. 2016;25(12):3027-3035. doi: 10.1007/s11136-016-1341-3

 

  1. Talebiazar N, Anzali BC, Abbasi M, et al. Does mindfulness-based stress reduction training have an impact on the occupational burn- out and stress experienced by nurses? A randomized controlled trial. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2025;98(1):1-11. doi: 10.1007/s00420-024-02078-8

 

  1. Teigen   Mindfulness  for depression management in men with prostate cancer. JAAPA. 2023;36(3):28-31. doi: 10.1097/01.JAA.0000911220.25098.91

 

  1. Victorson D, Morgan T, Kutikov A, et al. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for men on active surveillance for prostate cancer and their spouses: Design and methodology of a randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials. 2023;125:107059. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.107059

 

  1. Malandrone F, Urru S, Berchialla P, et al. Exploring the Effects of Variety and Amount of Mindfulness  Practices  on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Symptoms: Longitudinal Study on a Mental Health-Focused eHealth System for Patients With Breast or Prostate Cancer. JMIR Ment Health. 2024;11:e57415. doi: 10.2196/57415

 

  1. Bourgognon F, Bechet D, Huin-Schohn C, et al. A mixed method feasibility and acceptability study of a flexible intervention based on acceptance and commitment therapy for patients with cancer. Front Psychol. 2024;15:1409308. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1409308

 

  1. Mosher CE, Krueger E, Secinti E, Johns SA. Symptom experiences in advanced cancer: Relationships to  acceptance  and  commitment  therapy  Psycho-oncology. 2021;30(9):1485-1491. doi: 10.1002/pon.5712

 

  1. Galvao DA, Newton  RU, Girgis A, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a peer led multimodal intervention for men with prostate cancer to increase exercise participation. Psycho-oncology. 2018;27(1):199-207. doi: 10.1002/pon.4495

 

  1. Kazer MW, Psutka SP, Latini DM, Bailey DE Jr. Psychosocial aspects of active surveillance. Curr Opin Urol. 2013;23(3):273-277. doi: 10.1097/MOU.0b013e32835eff24

 

  1. Kelly BD, Perera M, Bolton DM, Papa N. Social determinants of health: does socioeconomic status affect access to staging imaging for men with prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2023;26(2):429-431.  doi:  1038/s41391-022-00508-7

 

  1. Steginga SK, Pinnock C, Gardner M, Gardiner RA, Dunn J. Evaluating peer support for prostate cancer: the Prostate Cancer Peer Support Inventory. BJU Int. 2005;95(1):46-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05247.x

 

  1. Langston DM, DePuccio MJ, McAlearney AS, et al. Assessment of Patient Experience During Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer. J Patient Exp. 2025;12:23743735251369557. doi: 10.1177/23743735251369557

 

  1. Ilie G, Rendon R, Mason R, et al. A Comprehensive 6-mo Prostate Cancer Patient Empowerment Program Decreases  Psychological Distress Among Men Undergoing Curative Prostate Cancer Treatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial.  Eur  Urol.  2023;83(6):561-570. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2023.02.009

 

  1. Sara SA, Heneka N, Green A, Chambers SK, Dunn J, Terry VR. Effectiveness of educational and psychological survivorship interventions to improve health-related quality of life outcomes for men with prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2024;14(5):e080310. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080310

 

  1. Donachie K, Hansma M, Adriaansen M, Cornel E, Bakker E, Lechner L. Developing a digital psychosocial support program for men with low-risk prostate cancer during active surveillance. Internet Interv. 2025;41:100853. doi: 10.1016/j.invent.2025.100853

 

  1. Loeb S, Curnyn C, Fagerlin A, et al. Informational needs during active surveillance for prostate cancer: A qualitative study. Patient Educ Couns. 2018;101(2):241-247. doi: 10.1016/j. pec.2017.08.022

 

  1. Shahriari M, Dehghan M, Pahlavanzadeh S, Hazini A. Effects of progressive muscle relaxation, guided imagery and deep diaphragmatic breathing on quality of life in elderly with breast or prostate cancer. J Educ Health Promot. 2017;6:1. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_147_14

 

  1. Toussaint L,  Nguyen  QA,  Roettger  C,  et al.  Effectiveness  of  Progressive  Muscle Relaxation,  Deep  Breathing,  and Guided Imagery  in  Promoting  Psychological  and Physiological States of Relaxation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021;2021:5924040. doi: 10.1155/2021/5924040

 

  1. Sinha MK, Barman A, Goyal M, Patra S. Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Guided Imagery in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Indian J Palliat Care. 2021;27(2):336- 344. doi: 10.25259/IJPC_136_21

 

  1. Van Blarigan EL, Kenfield SA, Olshen A, et al. Effect of a Home-based Walking Intervention on Cardiopulmonary Fitness and Quality of Life Among Men with Prostate Cancer on Active Surveillance: The Active Surveillance Exercise Randomized Controlled Trial. Eur Urol Oncol. 2024;7(3):519-526. doi: 10.1016/j.euo.2023.10.012

 

  1. Mishra SI, Scherer RW, Snyder C, Geigle PM, Berlanstein DR, Topaloglu O. Exercise interventions on health-related quality of life for people with cancer during active treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;2012(8):CD008465. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008465.pub2

 

  1. McQuade JL, Prinsloo S, Chang DZ, et al. Qigong/tai chi for sleep and fatigue in prostate cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. Psycho-oncology. 2017;26(11):1936-1943. doi: 10.1002/pon.4256

 

  1. Bilc MI,  Pollmann  N,  Eisenmann  C, et al.  Yoga  intervention  for colorectal cancer survivors: a qualitative study exploring participants’ expectations and experiences.  Ann  Med.  2024;56(1):2397571.  doi: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2397571

 

  1. Mansky P, Sannes T, Wallerstedt D, et al. Tai chi chuan: mind-body practice or exercise intervention? Studying the benefit for cancer survivors. Integr Cancer Ther. 2006;5(3):192-201. doi: 10.1177/1534735406291590

 

  1. Kinney AY, Blair CK, Guest DD, et al. Biobehavioral effects of Tai Chi Qigong in men with prostate cancer: Study design of a three- arm randomized clinical trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2019;16:100431. doi: 10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100431

 

  1. He L, Fu Y, Tian Y, et al. Antidepressants as Autophagy  Modulators  for Cancer Therapy. Molecules. 2023;28(22):7594. doi: 10.3390/molecules28227594

 

  1. Pan YJ, Kuo KH, Chan HY, McCrone P. Cost-effectiveness and   cost-utility   of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and tricyclic antidepressants in depression with  comorbid  cardiovascular    J Psychiatr Res. 2014;54:70-78. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.03.002
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Share
Back to top
Health Psychology Research, Electronic ISSN: 2420-8124 Published by Health Psychology Research
We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.
Read more about our cookies here
Accept